Thursday, August 27, 2020

Countryside attraction – New Forest National Park

My wide open fascination is New Forest National Park. This general depiction of wide open fascination clarifies the general intrigue, effect of area, structure highlights and key focuses about wide open activity and the executives. My individual examination of Exmoor National Park analyzes every one of these highlights in more detail. By doing a general portrayal first it will assist with featuring the key data on field attractions that would then be able to be contrasted and man-made attractions. Field area and access: The key distinction among open country and man-made attractions is that the first are normal where as the second can be picked. In Britain, there are more than 10 national parks in different pieces of the nation however the greater part of the parks are in the north. There are no national parks in the southeast London zone. There are an assortment of wide open normal attractions including gardens, nature trails, private homesteads, timberlands and forest, wetland, littler region of open space regularly utilized for out-entryway entertainment, untamed life stops, and flying creature havens which are all not national parks, however can be significant field attractions. The seaside regions of Britain, separate to sea shores and resorts, incorporate costal strolls, normal natural life and view, which are mainstream with visitors. Area and access to wide open is significant for the accompanying reasons: 1. Advancement of the travel industry 2. Monetary. Field the travel industry procures pay for the travel industry 3. Social. Wide open the travel industry gives chances to instruction, satisfaction and social diversion. 4. Condition. The administration of the wide open particularly in national parks secures the earth to serve natural life, plants, cultivating creatures, nearby networks, visiting visitors until further notice and what's to come. 5. Effects of area and access can likewise be negative. Some wide open territory draws in high quantities of guests in top season, which can negatively affect untamed life, cultivating, neighborhood networks, if not controlled. The occasional notoriety of field regions and the terrible atmosphere in winter can have a negative monetary effect on work, pay for organizations and the nation equalization of installments. Bid and fame: The principle request and fame of Britain outside its legacy urban communities and its well known youth culture is the greenery of its field legacy, which is exceptionally unique to common landscape attractions of different regions on the planet. A significant intrigue and prominence is for a day-outing or brief break clients making a trip to the wide open on neighborhood or local excursions. Most of British clients are local, yet that is on the grounds that there is a national motorway arrange, with constrained rail access, there are likewise numerous national residential vacationers. Field occasions, for example, fetes and farming shows are additionally well known. Many are advanced on TV and are particularly pulled in to the family guest and worldwide vacationer, on account of their connection to nearby social legacy. All in all British wide open has a decent picture and notoriety. Be that as it may, it has experienced genuinely the ‘Foot and Mouth Disease' and rivalry with city attractions and modest occasions abroad, particularly an ocean side item showcase. The field pulls specifically intrigue gatherings, for example, schools, instructive gatherings, senior residents with additional time, and lovers of open air diversion. Structure and innovation of open country: The normal scene can be ensured by overseeing and controlling access, building, streets, outing territories, occasions and view focuses. Agrarian processors, for example, seepage, selection of yields, can likewise be controlled to help secure the nature and presence of nearby conditions. The area of doorways, exits, vehicle leaves, cooking offices, convenience, would all be able to be configuration to fit in to indigenous habitat and to constrain negative effect. Numerous provincial towns have neighborhood government arranging control to constrain synthetic conditions, so they depend on nearby materials and development strategies which help keep up neighborhood artworks and conventions, for example Cotsworlds, Yorkshire Grystone welsh stone constructed dividers are highlights of the British field that have been secured. Plan and innovation is additionally significant for the wellbeing and wellbeing and security of access to open air amusement, including water, waterways, lakes and costal territories, mountains with risky stone highlights, confined zones and field that should be shielded from the threats of fire or artificial contamination.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Kindergarten Bigger and Smaller Math Lesson Plan

Kindergarten Bigger and Smaller Math Lesson Plan Understudies will analyze two items and utilize the jargon greater/littler, taller/shorter, and that's only the tip of the iceberg/less to depict their individual traits. Class: Kindergarten Term: 45 minutes each during two class periods Materials: Oat (Cheerios or something different with comparable pieces)Used pencils as well as crayonsManipulatives, for example, unifix 3D squares and additionally Cuisenaire rodsPrepared booklets (see below)Pictures of treats or natural product in different sizes Key Vocabulary: more than, not exactly, greater, littler, taller, shorter Destinations: Students will look at two articles and utilize the jargon greater/littler, taller/shorter, and the sky is the limit from there/less to depict their particular properties. Guidelines Met: K.MD.2. Legitimately contrast two items and a quantifiable characteristic in like manner, to see which article has â€Å"more of†/â€Å"less of† the quality, and depict the distinction. For instance, legitimately look at the statures of two kids and portray one kid as taller/shorter. Exercise Introduction On the off chance that you need to get a huge treat or cake to separate among the class, they will be exceptionally occupied with the presentation! Something else, an image will work. Reveal to them the tale of â€Å"You cut, you choose,† and how that is what number of guardians advise their youngsters to separate things fifty-fifty so nobody gets a greater cut. For what reason would you need a greater cut of treat or cake? Since then you get more! Bit by bit Procedure On the principal day of this exercise, demonstrate pictures to understudies of treats or organic product. Which treat would they need to eat, if this looks great to them? Why? Feature the language of â€Å"bigger† and â€Å"smaller† - if something looks yummy, you’ll need the greater bit, on the off chance that it doesn’t look great, you’ll most likely request the littler bit. Compose â€Å"bigger† and â€Å"smaller† on the board.Pull the unifix 3D squares out and let understudies make two lengths - one that is clearly greater than the other. Compose the words â€Å"longer† and â€Å"shorter† on the barricade and have understudies hold their more extended pile of 3D shapes, at that point their shorter heap of 3D squares. Do this two or multiple times until you are certain that they know the contrast among longer and shorter.As an end movement, have understudies draw two lines - one longer, and one shorter. On the off chan ce that they need to get innovative and make one tree that is greater than another, that’s fine, yet for some that don’t like to draw, they can utilize the straightforward lines to show the concept.On the following day, survey the photos understudies did by the day's end - hold a couple of genuine models up, and audit greater, littler, taller, shorter with the understudies. Call some understudy guides to the front of the study hall and ask who is â€Å"taller†. The educator is taller than Sarah, for instance. With the goal that implies that Sarah is what? Sarah must be â€Å"shorter† than the instructor. Compose â€Å"taller† and â€Å"shorter† on the board.Hold out certain Cheerios in a single hand, and less pieces in the other. On the off chance that you were eager, which hand would you want?Pass out booklets to understudies. These can be made as simple as taking four bits of paper and collapsing them into equal parts and stapling them. On two confronting pages, it should state â€Å"more† and â€Å"less†, at that point on two different pages â€Å"bigger† and â€Å"smaller†, etc, until you have filled the book. Understudies should set aside some effort to draw pictures that speak to these ideas. Pull understudies aside in little gatherings of three or four to compose a sentence that depicts thei r image. Schoolwork/Assessment: Have understudies and their folks add pictures to the booklet. Assessment: The last booklet can be utilized to assess the understanding that the understudies have, and you can likewise talk about their photos with them as you pull them in little gatherings.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Finding Good Topics For Argumentative Essay in College

Finding Good Topics For Argumentative Essay in CollegeArguing in college is not difficult, but there are many topics for argumentative essay that you can choose from. Most high school students have little or no idea about essay topics. They simply want to get the grades and leave school.As a part of a college course, your main aim should be to find good essay topics. This will help you get the grades you need.It may be very tempting to write down a topic and turn it into a good topic for an argumentative essay. But this can often backfire.In fact, the worst thing you can do at college level debate is to say something out of turn. Many people have got into arguments with their teachers and will regret it for the rest of their lives.Topics for argumentative essay can vary from anything, which includes sports, politics, news, and films. Some good essay topics for debate include the entire bible or an entire hundred-page book.If you are writing an essay on the bible, you could write a br ief account of what the bible says about someone, and then turn it into a topic for argumentative essay. Another good one would be about an average person who doesn't have the knowledge of the bible and gets them wrong.Or you could also say that if everyone was given the same amount of knowledge, everyone would be making the same mistakes, and would turn out the same. It is always better to give a person the maximum possible knowledge, and then watch and see if they change their minds.College debate topics are great and interesting, but you must be realistic about the subject matter. There are many subjects that debate can use to help make their arguments much stronger.

Monday, May 25, 2020

The Beliefs Of The Christian Bible - 2020 Words

have gone. Locked in the dungeon, shrouded in an all-consuming cold where you will remain until you have paid your full price. Your reward will not be what you expect, but will be what you have earned. You cared not to listen to me. You can listen to the silence of darkness and the weeping and gnashing of teeth. You dwell in confidence now, but you will be left with only sorrow, and you will be filled with dreams of what could have been. All the preparations and schemes were not enough to save you from meeting your end and being destroyed. You took pleasure in adding imaginary winnings and dreamed of a boundless victory you can never have. You received strength in what you believed would be your reward, but you only deluded yourselves. I†¦show more content†¦At this time, Jesus came like a thief in the night, to see to the death and removal of his followers, lest they fall into the trap of worshiping the delusion. No one saw him come or go. They were sent to a prison where there is weeping and gnashing of teeth. The world became an endless graveyard with millions of dead Christians strewn wherever they had fallen. Mounds of dead bodies filled every vacant lot in every city and country, waiting to be set aflame. Gathering dead Christians became the number one priority for the world. Once again, mankind believed they were witnessing the supernatural powers of a madman. Soon the sky above Jerusalem turned from blue to white because of the strangest phenomenon ever to appear. It was not a clouds white, but a white coming from pure light of no source. Thousands of people came to the city to stand in awe of the light which canopied Jerusalem for hours. A whirlwind of fire appeared in the sky as the crowd grew to its largest size. People stirred in fright as the whirlwind fell closer and closer to Jerusalem and toward the crowd. The fiery whirlwind set down on the Mount of Olives and disappeared, leaving a man of unbelievable beauty standing before them. He stood motionless, holding a walking staf f, and he waited for people to congregate around him. The crowd quieted whenShow MoreRelatedThe Sacred Text And The Principal Beliefs Of Christianity1738 Words   |  7 PagesChristianity has organised its beliefs into a systematic theology that draws from its sacred writing and tradition. While the main beliefs of Christianity are shared by all Christian variants, there are degrees of different in the interpretation of these beliefs and how they are lived out in everyday life. This can be seen in the important of sacred text, principle belief of the concept of salvation in John 3:16, principle belief of divine and humanity in ‘John 1:14’, principle belief of resurrection in ‘MarkRead MoreTranscendentalist1105 Words   |  5 PagesTranscendentalism and Christianity Have Incompatible Beliefs Transcendentalism is â€Å"a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in the early to middle 19th century† (Wikipedia). Transcendentalism first started with Ralph Waldo Emerson, one of the pioneers of the Transcendentalists, who in his essay â€Å"Nature†, criticized several things, especially the Unitarian church (Wikipedia). Many other Transcendentalists such as Thomas Parker, Henry David Thoreau, Amos BronsonRead MoreDivided Christianity: What Went Wrong 1468 Words   |  6 Pageson Christian thought and beliefs. Scientific theories like Darwinism had great impacts on the churches leading to many of the Christians starting to question some of the beliefs and values they once held . These theories led to a mass move of initial Christians from the regular and traditional observance of religion and belief in Christian teachings, to secularism and a belief in a ‘personal god’ . As the radical effects of scientific secularism continued to take its toll on the Christian churchesRead MoreChristianity And The Holy Trinity955 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Bible are the answers for all the problems men face.† (Quotes About Christianity) This quote is from Ronald Regan, and I think it is a good representation of Christianity. Christianity is centered on the teachings and life of Jesus of Nazareth which is found in the Bible. Along with the teachings of Jesus, Christians believe in the Old Testament, that has biblical records that date back to 1500 B.C.E.. Some of these beliefs include the Holy Trinity, salvation, afterlife, and the Bible. TheRead MoreThe Rise Of Christianity By Don Nardo1737 Words   |  7 PagesIdentification To what degree has the Nicene Creed unified the beliefs of Christianity? The investigation will attempt to answer this question as best as possible. The focused time period will be from 313 AD to 325 AD. This is because practicing Christianity was made legal in Rome in 313 AD and the Nicene Creed was created and made the official statement of Christian beliefs in 325 AD. Also the investigation will focus mainly on events taken place in Rome. Unity, or lack thereof, in ChristianityRead More Religion in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson Essay963 Words   |  4 Pagesand beliefs about Christianity and its religious system. Take for instance the Black box that is used in â€Å"The Lotteryâ€Å". It is used as a representation of the Bible, because many Christian people base judgments of others on things that they take from the Bible and the village inhabitants pass judgment on Mrs. Hutchison based on what is literally taken from the box. The box is black, and the Bible in its most commo n form is black. Black is also a representative color of mystery, and the Bible has beenRead MoreChristianity And The New Testament1311 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity is a religion that is based on the life experiences and teachings of Jesus Christ in the New Testament. Christianity is the largest religion on Earth, with over two billion followers which are called Christians. Jesus is believed to be the Son of God and the Savior of Humanity who is coming as Christ in the flesh which is prophesized in the Old Testament. Christian’s profession of faith is that Jesus suffered for everyone, died and was buried in the tomb, and was resurrected from theRead MoreA Devoted Christian Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesA Devoted Christian Christian teaching reflects on what they believe. Different groups of the Christian religion believe slightly different things, yet their views on death and the afterlife are always defined. It is clear from the teaching of the Bible that Christians believe death is not the end. Evidence of this is depicted in the Christian hymn title; It is not death to die. After the death of a much~loved friend or relation, Christians will always hold aRead MoreChristianity1417 Words   |  6 Pageswill examine the contribution of Christianity in the lives of individual believers and their communities. This contribution will be assessed using the common characteristics of beliefs, sacred text and writings and ethics. Christianity is a religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus. Christians share a set of beliefs that are important to their faith, they believe that God created the universe, God is a single ruler, Jesus is the son of God, Jesus suffered and was crucified for our sins andRead MoreBasis Of Faith Reflection Paper1370 Words   |  6 PagesOlawunmi Babalola Christian Faith Theo 404 Prof Ian Cole 10/02/2017 Basis of Faith Reflection Paper Belief should have some type of basis. one reason being in the realm of when an individual desire to truly defend their faith. For instance, if I am claiming to believe in something I should be able to make others see reason and understand the basis of my belief. This is not because the basis or reason for my belief matters to them but because in doing so I reflect my knowledge and remove ignorance

Friday, May 15, 2020

The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck - 1549 Words

Not only did the 1930s see the Great Depression, where America faced severe economic downturn, but it also brought the Dust Bowl. Due to overzealous agriculture practices, the soil of the Great Plains turned to dust and blew away, sending many people away with it. With all of the turmoil, many Americans fell back on religion. The novel The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck chronicles the fictional Joad family, giving a harsh, yet realistic depiction of the Great Depression, the Dust Bowl, and the journey from Oklahoma to California. On their travels, the Joads bring along the former preacher, Jim Casy, who often serves as a voice for Steinbeck’s attitudes towards religion. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck critiques characters who display blind devotion toward religion, enjoying its ease and simplicity, and favors those who are able to think for themselves and benefit in meaningful ways from their religion. Steinbecks pitfalls of blind devotion, especially its tendencies towards isolation and lack of human connection, are exposed through his depiction of the character Mrs. Sandry. While the Joad family stays in a government camp in California called Weedpatch, the oldest daughter, Rose of Sharon, who is now pregnant, encounters Mrs. Sandry. Mrs. Sandry is a deeply religious, but somewhat odd and misfit woman who lives at the camp. She takes the time to warn Rose of Sharon about sin taking place around them. At the end of their conversation, she leaves Rose of SharonShow MoreRelatedThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck, widely viewed as one of the most finest and powerful American writer, born to a middle-class family in 1902 in the Salinas Valley of California. Steinbeck is a writer who often spoke for the people. The Grapes of Wrath is a great movie, published in 1939, filled with many universal truths and views on human nature and society, especially where class is concerned. In the article, John Steinbeck The Grapes a wrath: A Call to Action says, â€Å"Steinbeck’s novel showcasedRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1075 Words   |  5 PagesKirsten Lloyd Mr. Eldridge AP Junior English 21 August 2014 Grapes of Wrath â€Å"Sometimes even to live is an act of courage.† (Seneca), In the 1939 novel, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, the reader accompanies the Joad family as they struggle to escape the crippling Dust Bowl of the mid- 1930’s. In hopes of establishing a new life for themselves after being forced off their land the family embark on a journey from Oklahoma to California in search of fruitful crops and steady work alongRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1563 Words   |  7 Pages John Steinbeck’s novel, The Grapes of Wrath, depicts a migrant farming family in the 1930s. During this time, life revolved around the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, making circumstances difficult for almost everyone involved, especially those who had little. This time of drought and despair caused people to lose hope in everything they’ve ever known, even themselves, but those who did not, put their hope in the â€Å"promised land† of California. Here, the grass was thought to be truly greenerRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1189 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† Shortly after being released John Steinbeck’s book â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† was banned because many critics viewed the novel as promoting communist propaganda, or socialist ideas. The ideas that many of these critics point to is Steinbeck’s depiction of the Big Banks/ Businesses as monsters, the comparison of Government camps to a utopia in contrast of the makeshift â€Å"Hoovervilles,† and the theme of the community before the individual, In his novel â€Å"The Grapes of Wrath† John SteinbeckRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1093 Words   |  5 Pages In John Steinbeck s The Grapes of Wrath, Tom Joad and his family are forced from their home during the 1930’s Oklahoma Dust Bowl and set out for California along with thousands of others in search of jobs, land, and hope for a brighter future. The Grapes of Wrath is Steinbeck’s way to expound about the injustice and hardship of real migrants during the Depression-era. H e utilizes accurate factual information, somber imagery, and creates pathos, allowing readers connections to the Joad’s plightRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath April 14th, 1939, John Steinbeck published the novel, The Grapes of Wrath. The novel became an immediate best seller, with selling over 428,900 copies. Steinbeck, who lived through both the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, sought to bring attention to how families of Oklahoma outdid these disasters. Steinbeck focuses on families of Oklahoma, including the Joads family, who reside on a farm. The Joad family is tested with hardship when life for them on their farm takesRead MoreThe Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck702 Words   |  3 PagesJohn Steinbeck’s use of the intercalary chapters in The Grapes of Wrath helps weave the reader’s sympathy of the Joad family into a more broad sympathy for the migrant farmers as a whole, in the hopes that the readers would then be compelled to act upon what they have read. During the Great Depression, people had a big disconnect about what was happening in various parts of the country. People often struggle to find sympathy for events when they can’t even visualize a person who is suffering throughRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck2144 Words   |  9 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath is a well-known beloved novel of American Literature, written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. Whoever said a road is just a road has not read The Grapes of Wrath. From the time we read when Tom Joad, novel’s protagonist, returns home after four years in prison; the meaning of roads changed. Route 66, also known as the mother road the road of flight, was a lifeline road, which allowed thousands of families to pursue their hopes and dreams. This road is also the road thatRead MoreThe Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck1014 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Steinbeck’s novel, The Grapes of Wrath, was first written and later published in the 1939. Fr om the time of its publication to date, the exemplary yet a simple book has seen Steinbeck win a number of highly coveted awards including Pulitzer Prize in 1940 and later on Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. Set at the time of the Great Depression, the book most remarkably gives a descriptive account of the Oklahoma based sharecropper Joad’ poor family in the light of economic hardship, homelessnessRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath By John Steinbeck1064 Words   |  5 PagesThe Grapes of Wrath, originated from a John Steinbeck’s book, a legendary film that focus on a major point of American history. The story follows the Joad family on their journey to California trying to survive the hardships. This film, focus on the social problems of America like the Dust bowl, The Great Depression, and industrialism. The Grapes of Wrath was filmed in a journalistic-documentary style, which displayed the realism of the epidemic in the thirties. The thirties the period The Grapes

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

What Is the Relationship of Organizational Structure,...

Assignment 8 What is the relationship of organizational structure, control and culture? When would a company decide to change from a functional to a multidivisional structure? Between the structures, the controls and the culture is a relationship that works like a chain that is locked to itself. Organizational structure specifies procedures, controls, and decision-making authority. It is critical to match organizational structure to the company strategy. The structure have the purpose of manage the firm’s daily work routines, explore new resources and competitive possibilities, distribute resources. This is a chain because every company is made by employees of different levels, background, and history and believes. Thru the†¦show more content†¦If a company decides to change it have to take in consideration if the decisions are centralized or decentralized and look for a balance. You have to remember that a company is an ever changing being that a structure could evolve over time with changes in strategy, diversification and the influence of the competition as well asShow MoreRelatedCoca Cola Organizational Theory Essay19602 Words   |  79 PagesAnalysis 6 #1 – Organizations and Organizational Effectiveness 6 #2 – Stakeholders, Managers, and Ethics 9 #4 – Organizational Design 10 #5 – Designing Organizational Structure: Authority Control 13 #6 – Designing Organizational Structure: Specialization Coordination 15 #3 – Managing in a Changing Global Environment 16 #8 – Organizational Design Strategy 19 #7 – Creating Managing Organizational Culture 21 #9 – Organizational Technology 21 #11 – Organizational Transformations: Birth et alRead MoreUnderstand the Relationship Between Organizational Structure and Culture.8544 Words   |  35 PagesTask 1: Understand the relationship between organizational structure and culture. P1.1: Compare and contrast different organisational structure and culture. According to Buchanan and Huczynski, an organisation is a ‘social arrangement for the controlled performance of collective goals’. Chester Barnard described an organisation as ‘a system of co-operative human activities’. Organisation are can be define as; ‘A deliberately formed group of human being with known boundaries and common goal’. OrRead MoreEssay about United Cereal Laura Brill’s Eurobrand Challenge5313 Words   |  22 Pagesb. How would the launch reflect the UC way .................................................... 10 IV. Strategic Choice: Should Healthy Berry Crunch become UC’s First Eurobrand . 11 a. The concept of â€Å"Eurobrands†......................................................................... 11 b. The analysis of the establishment of Eurobrands .......................................... 11 V. Organizational Structure to Support effective implementation of Eurobrand ........ 12 a. The relationship betweenRead MoreUnited Cereal Case Essay11255 Words   |  46 Pagesbreakfast foods company United Cereal, portrays the background of a launch decision for a new cereal product, the ‘Healthy Berry Crunch’. As the case evolves, the decision has major strategic and organizational implications for Lora Brill, European Vice President. The case focuses especially on two central decisions confronting her: Should ‘Healthy Berry Crunch’ become the companys first Eurobrand and be introduced in a coordinated manner Europewide? And, from an organizational perspective, shouldRead MoreManagement Control Systems Pdf115000 Words   |  460 PagesPrinciples of Management Control Systems 20 Fo rI B ICFAI UNIVERSITY S U se O nl y C la s s of 09 Principles of Management Control Systems 20 Fo rI B ICFAI Center for Management Research Road # 3, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad – 500 034 S U se O nl y C la s s of 09 ï›™ The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India, January 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, usedRead Morecase study: the Home Depot19454 Words   |  78 Pagespersons which have been working together and individually to finish the assignment properly and in time. Secondly, we would like to thank the company whose websites we were able to visit and use, to get additional information that we could use for leading the assignment of Home Depot to a successful ending. We can say, that it was a pleasure to work on this assignment and would, in the third place, like to thank each other. The persons who worked on this assignment, for the effort and time thatRead MoreAssign: Managing the Digital Firm7977 Words   |  32 Pagesorganizations. 3. What synergies do you see in the merged AOL/TimeWarner Company that can give it the competitive advantage? In your opinion, why hasn’t the merger between these two companies been more successful? 4. How can managers’ roles be enhanced with a well-integrated information system? How can their roles be diminished with a poorly-integrated information system? 5. Ask yourself these questions about your own firm: a. What is the structure of the industry in whichRead MoreIsis Paper13397 Words   |  54 PagesIT can also be a major catalyst in the globalisation process itself. In the context of the global information strategy, the paper develops a distinction between business infostructure, IT infrastructure and the IS/IT suprastructure. Signiï ¬ cant relationships between the four domains of the framework are surfaced and an agenda for action developed. Introduction As we leave the 20th century many economists argue that we are entering a truly ‘global economy’. At the same time, however, others are questioningRead MoreTeaching Notes Robert Grant - Strategy 4th Edition51665 Words   |  207 PagesMeeting the Digital Challenge 62 7 Organizational Restructuring within the Royal Dutch/Shell Group 70 8 Harley-Davidson, Inc., January 2001 77 9 Online Broking Strategies: Merrill Lynch, Charles Schwab and E*Trade 83 10 11 12 Emi and the CT Scanner [A] [B] 88 Rivalry in Video Games 98 Birds Eye and the UK Frozen Food Industry 109 1 CONTENTS 13 14 15 16 Euro Disney: From Dream to Nightmare, 1987–94 116 Richard Branson and the Virgin Group of Companies in 2002 125 General Electric: LifeRead MoreEssay about Case Analysis of Dell Computers12021 Words   |  49 PagesPOSITION OF COMPANY...............................................................................................32 WORKS CITED ..........................................................................................................................................34 Page 3 3 Industry Analysis The PC industry is one of the strangest in the world. There is probably no other type of product that is so technologically sophisticated, sells for so much money, and yet is sold by so many companies for

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Profit Maximization Is the Only Realistic Criterion by Which Business Organizational Effectiveness Should Be Reasonably Judged free essay sample

One side consists of purely economic view where management’s only social responsibility is to maximize profit while the other side is all about socio-economic position holding values and ethical rules that managers and non- managerial employees are expected to follow. General Overview Business ethics Definition: These are moral principles that guide the way a business runs / is conducted. Approaches to business ethics * Deriving Business Ethics from the Profit Motive * Deriving Business Ethics from General Moral Obligations * Business Ethics restricted to following the Law Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Definition: Understanding your business’ impact on the wider world and considering how you can use this impact in a position way. Dimensions of CSR * Ethical dimension * Economic dimension * Philanthropic dimension * Legal Dimension * Civil law * Criminal law CSR Perspective * Efficiency perspective * Managers as Agents * Manager as Owners * Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility Perspective * Inside Out Approach * Outside In Approach * Outside Out Approach * Social Responsibility Perspective In depth Discussion Business Ethics When business ethics is spoken of it usually means one of three things, i. . i. Avoid breaking the criminal law in one’s work related activities. ii. Avoid actions that may result in civil law suits against the company and iii. Avoid actions that are bad for the company’s image. Behaving ethically means distinguishing between right and wrong and making the best logical decision. It is not hard to identify unethical business practices; examples of such practices include; * Use of child labor * Use of unlawfully copy righted materials * Engaging in bribery * Unfair treatment of the employees * Discrimination and violation of human rights. Approaches to business ethics Deriving Business Ethics from the profit motive There has been an argument that there is symbiotic relation between ethics and business in which ethics naturally emerges from a profit oriented business. This approach has two versions; the weak and strong version. Weak Version This version suggests â€Å"good ethics result in good business† meaning moral business practices e quals profit. Example, it is profitable to make safe products which will result in low product liability lawsuits. F. Hartley’s book, â€Å"Business Ethics† argues that long term interests of a business are served best by seeking a trusting relation with the public. Hartley 1993) However this version has a number of problems. Criticism of the weak version * Moral business practices will have an economic benefit in a long run hence it provides less incentive for businesses designed to seek short term profits. * Some of these practices are not economically viable even in a long run. Example the act of keeping older workers who are no longer efficient as opposed to replacing them with younger more efficient workers * Importantly these moral business practices depend on what â€Å"at that time† will produce a profit. The same practices might not be viable economically in a different market. Strong version It suggests the reverse strategy that in a competitive and free market profit motive will bring about proper moral environment. I. e. when customers demand safe products and workers demand privacy then they will work for and buy from those companies that meet these demands. In simpler terms â€Å"good business results in good ethics† Milton Friedman argues that this will only happen if at all the governments allows a truly free and competitive market. Criticism of the strong version This approach assumes that consumers and workers will demand the morally proper thing. A consumer may opt for a lesser safe product if they know it will save money similar to workers, they might forego demands of privacy if compensated with higher wages. * Business ethics restricted to following the law Moral obligations in business are restricted to the law requirements. Moral principles beyond law requirement / supra-legal principles appear optional since there is a dispute of their validity from philosophers and a wavering society on their acceptance. Without a widely recognized system of ethics outside the law it is unreasonable to demand business people to be obligated to principles that are optional. We live in a cultural pluralistic society where the business related moral obligations are those already contained in the law such as product safety, safe working conditions, fair hiring and firing practices, honest advertisement etc * Deriving business ethics from general moral obligations This approach suggests that morality must be introduced as a factor outside both the law and the profit motive. Gene Lacznick, â€Å"Business Ethics: A Manager’s Primer† 1983 says â€Å"proper ethical behavior exists on a plane above the law. Law merely specifies the lowest common denominator of acceptable behavior. † Philosophers offer five fairly general moral principles as suggestions Harm principle: there should be fairness in all of the business’ practices Human right principle: Human rights should be respected by all businesses Autonomy principle: Businesses cannot infringe on the rationally reflective choices of people Veracity principle: Deceptive practices should not exist. Criticism * The principles are too general; they do not specify what counts as unfairness, human right violation or harm. * They are abstract in nature * They do not give clear guidance when dealing with complex situations * They are difficult to apply to concrete situations. CSR is a balance between law and ethics. It is a about taking a responsible attitude going beyond the minimum legal requirements and following straight forward principles that apply whatever the size of your business. Law Rules establishes by a government under which businesses operate. Going against law leads to punishment, usually paying a fine or jailed or sometimes both at once. Ethics Branch of philosophy dealing with right and wrong, moral principles or values governing a particular culture, group or individual. Dimensions of CSR Social responsibility is the organizations obligation to maximize its positive impact on stake holders and reducing the negative impacts. It includes legal, economic, philanthropy and ethical dimensions. * Legal Dimension It concerns obeying the government’s laws and regulations. Civil law duties and rights of individuals and organization * Criminal law laws that prohibit certain actions and violation will result to being imprisoned or fined or both * Economic Dimension It is all about how resources for the production of goods and services are distributed within the social system. As the manager you need to ask yourself do consumer favor companies that are socially responsible or those that are only concerned with making profit . * Ethical Dimension This refers to the behaviors and activities that are expected or prohibited by the organizational members, society or community * Philanthropy Dimension The organization’s contribution to the society CSR is mostly being linked to philanthropy, that is they mean the same thing and that it is just a corporate term used in today’s business world, but the two are very different, where one is just a selfless act as a human to give back to the community where no one is going to hold it against you if you do not do it and the other one is not because it is a direct connection to people and the environment. Difference between CSR and philanthropy. * CSR is behavior by business over and above legal requirements voluntary adopted. CSR is linked to the concept of sustainable development businesses need to integrate the economic, social and environmental impact in their operations * CSR is not an optional â€Å"add on† to business core activities but about the way in which business is managed. CSR cannot be related/ pinned to philanthropy. It’s a decision strategy aiming to ensure long term viability of the business b y assuming an active role in the development of the community, economy and environment. CSR Perspective There are three Corporate Social Responsibility perspectives, namely 1. Efficiency Perspective This is where the manager’s major focus is to maximize profit for the owners of the business; the needs of the other constituencies do not pose as important. Under this perspective two types of managers are looked at; a) Managers as Agents The managers have no obligation what so ever to act on behalf of the society especially if this act does not maximize profit for the share holders. The decision to serve society is made by the share holders. b) Manager as Owners He/she decides if acting on behalf of the society will achieve the self interests and interests of the whole company. . Social Responsibility Perspective Under this perspective the organization/ firms are required to fulfill certain obligations and responsibilities towards the society as a whole and not concentrate only on reaching the share holders demands. The firm is requires to find a balance so that they cab cater all their major stake holders’ needs. These major stake holders are: * Society * Employees * Financiers * Shareholders * Communities * Suppliers Advantages Undertaking this perspective will mean having good relationship with the stake holders. For employees: giving them what they require like better pay, good working conditions, employee benefits etc will mean they are motivated and hence increase productivity and reduce employee turnover. For suppliers: paying them on time, loyalty and ordering for products without glitches and cancellations will mean they will supply good quality products, discounts and on time delivery. For community amp; Society: providing employment opportunities, encouraging education, being environmentally friendly, not going against culture will mean acceptance, good reputation and of course good attraction for future investors. For financiers: like banks, government, donators etc if the firm has a good financial record and they are putting their funds into good use, the financiers will become long term supporters and this will also build trust between the two parties. For share holders: as long as supporting all the above stake holders does not interfere with getting a higher return at the end of the day, they should be happy and provide what is needed for the company’s general growth. Disadvantage The biggest problem with this perspective is that as manager it is impossible to cater for all the stake holders’ needs and expectations being we are humans and we have different needs and ideas, so you cannot give in to one without interfering with other. 3. Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility Perspective The above perspectives have been combined to form this one and three criteria are introduced to guide managers to acting responsible; a) Outside out approach The manger takes the time to look at social issues that are posing a problem in general and find ways his/her firm can contribute to help solve those problems. ) Inside out approach Manager’s only take the time to look at the internal issues that are important to the firm. The problems that are happening outside the surrounding environment do not impact on their decisions nor do they concern them with solving them. c) Outside in approach The manager will look at the issues surrounding the company outside an d pick out specific areas in which the company has an impact on or concern them in anyway. Corporate Social Responsibility works when†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ There is trust and communication between the management and the employees * Owners look at and accept long term views * There is a holistically made decision from the management. Corporate Social Responsibility does not work when†¦.. * Owners want to get rich quick. It is a process that shows benefits after long term implantation. * There is poor treatment of employees * Management works with the thought that resources are unlimited * CSR is viewed as corporate philanthropy * CSR is viewed as a public relation strategy Arguments for the assumption of social responsibilities * Long run profits: Businesses that are SR tend to attain more and secure long run profits, as a result of better community relations and enhanced business image * Superiority of prevention over cure: To avoid incurring more costs to correct the social problems and loss of energy and concentration away from future accomplishment of its goals they should deal with them before they are too serious. * Possession of resources: Business will have the proper resources such as managerial talents, financial resources and technical experts to provide assistance to public and charitable projects that need support * Stockholder interest: The stock market will award business which are SR with higher price earnings ratio because they are viewed as less risky and open to public attack and eventually improve the price of a business stock in a long run * Balance of responsibility and power: If power is greater than responsibility there is an imbalance which brings about irresponsible behaviors that is not good for the public. There should be an equal large amount of responsibility to balance out the large amount of power businesses have in the society * Public image: The public considers social goals important, firms can build a favorable public image by pursuing those goals to gain access to better markets, employees, customers and other benefits. * Better environment Involvement of businesses lands a helping hand in solving difficulty social problems creating a better quality of life and desirable community to attract to hold skilled employees. * Discouragement of further government regulations: Becoming SR businesses are faced with less government regulations since they add costs and hinder flexible decision making of the management. Arguments against the assumptions of social responsibilities * Too much power Enough power has already been given to business by the society; undertaking social responsibilities will mean giving it even more power as it already a powerful institution in the society * Lack of broad public support Since there is a divide public on the issue of being socially responsible there hasn’t been a mandate from the society for businesses to involved in social issues. * Lack of skills Business leaders’ skills and abilities are highly linked / associated with economics; they are under qualified to deal with social issues * Costs Businesses end up absorbing costs or pass them over to the consumers at a higher price since many of these responsibilities don’t pay their own way * Violation of profit maximization In business social responsibility is measured when it strictly tends to its economic interests and leaves the rest to other institutions * Lack of accountability There is no direct accountability from business sectors to the public like with political representatives that pursue the social goals and are held accountable Conclusion and Recommendation It is very clear that in one way or the other businesses today have to think of their external environment because it impacts their decision and it will help make more profit in a the long run. If a business will choose to ignore this and concentrate on making profits alone, they must be sure they are only going to be around for a short term, chances are they will not get the biggest return for their shareholders, simply because if the society, community, government as well as suppliers do not get any support from this company then it is not worth their support and eeing how these stakeholders are important, business should totally rethink their business strategy. There is more positive impact involved in judging business’ effectiveness through business ethics and CSR, since these are the most realistic options available other than profit maximization. With this I make a stand to say profit maximization is not the only realistic criteria in which business effectiveness can be judged. I would recommend business get training and development on how to operate more responsible and ethically and still make profits. Reference: * www. scribd. om/doc/3934672/impotance-of-CSR-to-business * www. businesslink. gov. uk * www. citeman. com * http://www. utm. edu/staff/jfieser/vita/research/Busbook. htm * Business Ethics and Values Colin Fisher amp; Adam Lovell, Prentice Hall, 3rd edition 2003 * www. malwarwick. com/assest/presenatation/the-five-dimension-of-csr-slide. pdf * G F Cavanaugh, D. J Moberg and M Velasquez, â€Å"The Ethics of Organizational politics† Academy of Management Journal (June 1981) pg 363-374. * Crane A (2010) Business Ethics 2nd Edition Chapter 2 pg 45-50. Oxford University, Press London.

Sunday, April 12, 2020

Literature Review of Pain Management in Dementia. Essay Example

Literature Review of Pain Management in Dementia. Paper LITERATURE REVIEW. Abstract Within the dementia care environment, it is my experience that it is often unclear to nursing staff as to appropriate assessment and management of pain for clients in the palliative stage of their illness. Although nurses have their experience to guide their practice, as the health professional most involved with the client at the end of life, there is a need for review of current assessment tools and management strategies to ensure the care given is evidence based and best practice. Aim The aim of this review is to examine what is the most appropriate method of pain assessment and management when working with clients with cognitive impairment. Methods Searches were made of several databases Cinahl Embase Medline BNI Psych For articles published between 1990 and 2006 using the keywords, pain assessment, pain management, elderly, dementia and palliative care. Findings Most evidence in relation to this area of practice is anecdotal demonstrating a need for further research. Evidence presented in this review shows encouraging results in regard to the development of assessment tools and that there are clear standards of process for management of pain at the end of life. The results also show that nurses are concerned and are making attempts to be proactive in this area of care despite many barriers. Conclusion Good pain control requires both sensitivity to the clients needs on every level and the competence to meet them. Assessment and management of pain for individuals with a dementia is still very hit and miss, with evidence of both very good and very poor practice being demonstrated. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Pain Management in Dementia. specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Pain Management in Dementia. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Pain Management in Dementia. specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nurse education is still an unmet need within this area of practice. And that overall clients are experiencing unnecessary pain on a regular basis which could have been prevented. Introduction Pain Pain can be a common experience for many older adults and has negative effects on their health, functioning and general well being Pain presents an enormous challenge for most nurses within their daily working lives. This is due to the individual nature of pain; a client’s experience of pain is affected by their life experience compounded with the procedure or illness. Macaffrey identified the individual nature of pain when he said, â€Å"Pain is what the experiencing person says it is and exists whenever he says it does†(1979, Cited in Epps 2001). Pain can be present in the older adult for many reasons. Chronic pain conditions may include arthritis, gout and peripheral vascular disease, acute conditions such as cancer; cardio vascular disease and surgery are also prevalent causes of pain. An elderly client may present with more than one type of pain in different locations with varying causes making the nurses job all the more challenging. Dementia. The word dementia comes from Latin and translates as â€Å"out of ones mind†(Epps 2001). Although this gives a broad definition of the symptoms, dementia is actually a disease caused by permanent brain changes and loss of neurons. These changes affect the client in several ways. The impairment of cortical functions affects â€Å"memory, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity, language and judgement†(WHO 1993). Various dementias exist the most common being Alzheimer’s, which accounts for 65% of UK diagnosis’s (Stevens et al 2001). There are other dementias such as vascular, lewy body and picks. All of the dementias impair basic functioning and the ability to communicate also the client’s ability to interpret the feelings of pain and recall them to communicate to the nurse. This impairment potentially results with individuals unable to express pain and report it appropriately. This in turn may result in inadequate assessment and management as has been shown in studies (Bernabei Et al; 1998. Horgas Tsai; 1998). One study reported that 60% of nursing home residents with a physical diagnosis known to cause pain had not received any pain relief in the previous month (Feldt et al 1998). The American geriatric society (1998) believe that clients with dementia are at high risk for unidentified and under treated pain. As with all older adults, clients with dementia present with chronic conditions such as arthritis and acute pain experienced in the aging and the end of life process. Moss (2002) gives evidence that most elderly clients who move into long-term care will die in an institution either a nursing home or a hospital many of whom will have dementia. She states that 91% have a strong co morbid condition likely to cause pain. â€Å"The control of pain is the key to all other care†(Raiman 1998). This is especially true within old age psychiatry as if a client is in pain it may be impossible to recognise a pure diagnosis of agitation or depression and intervene accordingly when there is the possibility that these symptoms may be reactive due to inadequate pain relief. The key to therapeutic success is how well are the symptoms being relieved. Untreated pain in the client with dementia can delay healing, disturb sleep and daily activity, reduce quality of life and prolong hospitalisation (Horgas 2003). Appropriate assessment and management of pain should be paramount to nurses working in the elderly care sector. Search methods A search of the Cinahl, Medline, Embase, BNI, psycINFO databases were made using the following key words, pain assessment, pain management, elderly, dementia and palliative care. The reference lists of identified papers were also searched for relevant articles. The use of many databases was deemed necessary due to the specialism the enquiry relates to as research in dementia is still relatively new. Inclusion criteria are as follows: Articles must relate to palliative care and/or pain relief in the elderly that have reference to impaired cognition within the main body of the text and not just articles solely referencing dementia in order to gain a wider breath of material. Articles must not be specific to a particular medical condition such as breast cancer as the recommendations will be specific to condition and not transferable to an elderly psychiatric unit. Articles must have been published between 1990 and 2006. The review was not limited to a study design type as most papers identified are qualitative and give anecdotal evidence. Anecdotal evidence may not be seen as the most reliable (Parahoo 1997) but there are reasons why within this area of research most results fit into this category. Atkinson et al (1999) suggest that palliative care and adequate pain relief does not attract much funding from the pharmaceutical companies therefore unattractive to researchers, also as suggested by Ray et al (1998) ethical committee accreditation may be difficult to obtain particularly with issues as consent and suitability to participate in controlled trials as they may last longer than the client remains alive giving inaccurate results. Another reason maybe that the cognitively impaired are often excluded from research studies, as they are unable to give adequate feedback to fulfil the researchers needs for the inclusion of data. The search returned nine articles that fully met the inclusion criteria these have been included in the review. Findings The findings will be divided into two sections pain assessment and pain management. All papers bar one fell in to the naturalistic paradigm of research in that the researchers explored the nurse’s feelings and thoughts during semi- structured interviews about assessment and management of pain and recorded their findings in a descriptive manner. The paper set in the positivist paradigm was a correlation design that examined the relationship between two variables in this instance pain and agitation and generated results of a quantative nature. In all papers the sample was purposive in that clients were selected because they experience the phenomena under investigation in this instance, elderly institutionalised clients. All studies identified within the papers had been ethically approved. Pain assessment. A barrier to effective pain management is a failure to assess pain. Pain assessment is invaluable; it sets a base line against which the intervention can be compared. There are several methods of pain assessment identified within the literature. This review explores the findings drawn from the research. This article will draw reference to self-report scales as they still hold their place within pain assessment as well as those methods that concentrate on adults that are unable to communicate their pain. Pain can be assessed by means of self reporting and research by Davie et al (2004), Kovach et al (2000), Panke (2003) and Zwackhalen et al (2006) identify this as the â€Å"gold standard† in pain assessment. There are several self-report scales available to assess pain in the elderly. Most self report tools focus on pain intensity these include The visual analogue scale (VAS) which asks a client to select a number between 1 and 10 and the verbal rating scale (VRS) where you ask the client to verbalise their pain on a scale between no pain and worst pain possible. Molony (2005) found the VRS the most popular scale to use when questioning nursing staff; the main drawback of the tool that she identified was that clients learnt to anticipate the nurse’s questions. nd therefore the test may lose objectivity. There is some conflict within the literature in that Zwackhalen believes that these scales hold little benefit within dementia following her research as she identifies that these scales requires the capacity to understand the task and also the ability to communicate pain therefore generating inaccurate generated scores this view is supported by Hayes (1995) and Ferrell (1995) where as Davies generates evidence that 80% of clients in midstage dementia were able to use these scales effectively. It is because of these contrasts that it would be beneficial to explore behavioural tools and other methods as a means of supporting self-report tools in order to gain comprehensive assessment. Panke (2003) believes that non-verbal cues are their own means of self-report and should be regarded as such by patients that can’t communicate. The most commonly referenced tool within the literature is The Checklist of Nonverbal Pain Indicators (CNPI) by Feldt (2000), research on this tool by Horgas (2003) and Davie (2004) have deemed this to be an effective tool to use within dementia care. There are other tools identified within the literature but due to the frequency that it was referenced and studies that included it within their framework the critique of literature in regard to this tool seemed most relevant. The tool is designed as an observational tool for use by nursing staff. It was designed to assess postoperative clients. It asks nurses to observe for certain behaviours and score a point of one if they are present. There is no clear definition attached to this tool as to how the score correlates to pain intensity, the papers that reviewed this tool recommended that it be used in conjunction with a self reporting tool but also if there were any behavioural indicators of pain scored present further investigation and treatment should be actioned. Both of these researchers conducted their studies in community settings which could have biased the results as the tool is designed for acute pain not chronic pain and you can make the assumption that clients were not postoperative also the samples used were small there by not possibly encompassing the full range of cognition and varying physical illness. Also this tool is subjective to the nurse’s viewpoint hence the researchers results are biased towards the nurse’s viewpoint and not the client’s experience. Epps (2001) believe that nurses often under report pain of clients with dementia. It is assumed as the researchers indicated the use of another tool that this a limitation of this tool that it cannot be used as a stand-alone assessment. It may be worthwhile to repeat these studies in an impatient dementia environment to test the validity of the results. Behavioural indicators of pain as outlined by Evans (2002) in addition to those in Feldts tool are aggression, loss of appetite and withdrawal Kovach (2003) further expands on this by advising staff to look for changes in mobility and respiration. Evans and Kovachs work highlights that Feldt tool is not comprehensive, as it does not highlight what people are trying to communicate with their ongoing behaviours and that it can only be used at that snapshot in time, this factor is something that was not identified by the authors. Also how often this tool should be utilised is not explored would it be beneficial to use it daily or just when the nursing staff notice change. Panke (2003) believes you should consider all cue verbal and non-verbal and that continual reassessment of these cues is vital. Molony (2005) asked nursing staff to document the frequency of assessment. The highest frequency was found to be on admission, as determined by medical condition and those patients receiving â€Å"narcotics†. This concurred with 95% of participants. This study was comprehensive as it had 160 participants covering a cross section of job roles within the nursing sphere. Panke (2003) points out that behavioural cures are not always reliable, as moaning and grimacing are symptoms that occur with delirium as a common factor in the client in the end stage of life and that this may require assessment for both causes. This is supported by Ferrell (1995). Cohen Mansfield et al also concluded through their study that assessment is made further difficult as the client group expressed discomfit Constipation, emotional distress, cold and hunger in the same ways such as calling out and increased agitation. Cohen Mansfield study was extremely limited as it was restricted to one nursing home with a very small sample all of which had a moderate dementia and had been placed there for over two years. Most literature reviewed did not account for other possible causes of pain like symptoms. This is both positive and negative as the papers remain focused on the topic of pain assessment but the detraction is that it does not encourage the reader to view the client’s situation holistically. Only Kovach (1999) within my included literature highlighted the importance of the nurse client relationship in interpreting none verbal cues and that familiarity with the client develops the nurse’s intuition of changes in behaviour. Kovach cited another study by Parke (1998) within her research that advocated that assessment methods require nurses to know their patient intimately in order to recognise behaviours which signal presence of pain. The ability to communicate and relate to your clients is important as often the nurse is the main caregiver and clients need to feel that we will respond to them and make them feel safe at a time when the situation is alien and fearful. It would be beneficial to further explore the importance of the skills needed by the nurse in this area of care. All papers identified a lack of nurse knowledge and competence as a barrier in the assessment of pain and many suggested the need for action to improve this also nurse attitude was cited. This was mainly centred on nurse’s unfamiliarity with the assessment tools. This is identified by Davie (2004). ) Who when gaining feedback on the research conducted, the nursing staff felt that tools could be too time consuming and difficult to interpret. 99% of respondents who participated in Molony’s study (2003) felt that education was something that should be ongoing and be presented in the form of workshops, seminars and peer teaching by the bedside in order to update practice. The main barrier identified of staff not receiving appropriate training was the need for more nurses to staff units so others could attend training. This is in conflict with the NMC code of conduct that states it is the nurses own responsibility to update her practice and therefore ward staffing should not be an issue although many trusts have policies to support learning and development. Evans (2002) reviewed the literature and other research within her study, she found that educational initiatives that address clinical skills in pain and symptom management were required. Moss (2002) in a study of four hundred nursing homes in the united states that 29% of staff did not feel confident to adequately assess pain although 55% agreed pain was a problem for clients with dementia. This would leave 45% to believe that there is no problems with this issue hence highlighting further the need for nurse education, as almost half the staff in four hundred nursing homes did not recognise the problem. This figure is astounding. Kovach (1999) as part of her study evaluated the education programme currently being piloted to address the discomfit needs of clients with moderate to severe dementia. She found that staff using the protocol for assessment for which they had been trained resulted in increased awareness of resident’s discomfit and improved assessments. The findings of this study could have been strengthened by the use of a control group of nurses already competent in the assessments to provide a conclusive baseline that nurses should attain and a larger sample size. Also the recognition of variables such as physical diagnosis would have been beneficial to assess if they impacted on the findings. Glaring omissions in all research critiqued was that of involving family in the decision making process and also the gaining of information from families in order to ascertain normal behaviours and responses to pain, this could be for many reasons. Is this due to the nurse being perceived as the expert or are families at this distressing time not considered to be able to give eliable information. This requires further exploration as to the benefit of relatives input in a clients care. Also omitted was the use of do not escalate or do not resuscitate order and what they men to the client receiving palliative care and in the age of the expert patient many making advance directives and how this dictates the care we can give as nurses, do we have the right to override these statements if we deem it to be in the clients clinical best interests and where does this feature in the assessment process. This requires further research. The use of documentation and the value of the nurse-to-nurse handover is not explored within the literature as a means to aid assessment both of which are commonplace in a nurses daily routine, which leads me to believe that both these activities happened but were not documented by the researchers. Pain management Horgas and Tsai (1998) investigated prescription administration of analgesic medication of clients with cognitive impairment. The research question they posed was that cognitively impaired nursing home residents might not be prescribed adequate analgesia. The researchers concluded that clients with dementia were being prescribed and administered significantly less analgesic medication both in number and in dosage than clients without cognitive impairment it was also reported that clients who were more disorientated or withdrawn were prescribed significantly less analgesia. This correlation study drew from a large sample of 339 residents from four homes showing the study to be both reliable and valid. Moss’s study provides anecdotal evidence to support that nursing staff felt that pain in client with dementia is as aggressively treated as pain in other clients whilst Panke (2003) identified that physician were loathe to prescribe for any thing that wasn’t cancer. These conflicts may be explained as the United States and the United Kingdom have different protocols for appropriate treatment disseminated from government and allied agencies and moss’s study was in the UK and the others in the U. S. Kovach (2000) reports that the treatment strategies used by nurses are poorly understood. The outcome of her interviews with nursing staff was that nurses often felt that psychotropic drugs were being inappropriately used to treat the behavioural symptoms of pain and that analgesics commonly underused. Both the observers and the workers have identified this as a problem yet it still continues to happen as Swakhalen’s 2006 study shows. It is because of this that the need to review best management is vital. Recent research by the Joseph Rowntree foundation indicates that these problems could be overcome by the use of the NICE guidelines for analgesia (2004) these recommend regular administration and treatment adjusted from one step to the next according to increasing or decreasing pain severity, history of analgesic response and any side effects. This approach also calls into question the use of as required medication and its prevalence. The literature concurs that regular scheduled pain relief is most effective in managing symptoms. The foundation also advocates the use of non-pharmacological intervention for Pain management. The literature mainly identifies methods of drug administration and drug type most appropriate to the client group. Management of pain is one of the most important goals when caring for clients at the end of life. Horgas (2003) identified the goal of pain management is to maximise function and improve quality of life. Kovach (2000) found that nursing staff prioritised comfort over issues such as side effects or toxicity. Although some staff expressed concerns about sedation and falling in mobile clients but this becomes less of an issue with clients in the end stage of life, as they are normally bed bound. The issue of constipation was also raised by Panke (2003) as a common side effect of analgesics that was likely to cause pain and recommended that clients should be prescribed laxatives as a matter of course. Horgas (2003) identified the considerations for administering analgesics in the elderly. It is noted that aging has an affect on the effect of the drug on the client and also the concentration of the active drug is affected. Elderly clients are at higher risk of side effects due to decline in metabolism and elimination. Gradual titration is recommended to over come this. A Diamorphine as opposed to morphine is commonly the drug of choice for subcutaneous administration due to greater solubility. Kovach (2000) found that nurses felt that narcotics were underused but appreciated the value of them to maintain comfort and dignity. She supports this with several anecdotal accounts from staff. Nurses only commonly used morphine for severe pain and to promote comfort during dying. The literature concurs that longer acting opioid medication such as Fentanyl should not be rescribed for the dying client because of the slow onset of pain control and it being difficult to titrate quickly. Kovach (2000) identified that fentanyl was more commonly used than morphine in the relief of clients pain. It is recommended that fentanyl is administered via a transdermal patch as this can overcome many reasons for non-compliance in the demented client such as resistiveness; lack of understanding or forgetting to take medica tion also it is considered helpful for those clients that are unable to swallow oral preparations. If fentanyl has previously been administered and deemed not effective this will need to be supplemented with diamorphine via a syringe driver as recommended by many researchers within the review. Only half of the participants in Kovach’s study were able to identify appropriate dose escalation, most identified that there was a need to increase dosage but unable to identify a systematic process within which to work. Does this mean that clients are only getting the appropriate treatment 50% of the time due to a lack of staff education? Not all pain is opiate sensitive such as pain on movement that’s breakthrough. This is more likely to be effectively managed by the use of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). This group can cause gastric irritation and the use of a gastric protective drug is advised. Panke (2003) identified that nurse were proactive in advocating supplementary pain relief of this nature. The literature cited the transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) as an appropriate method of pain relief, but no evidence is available to state how effective this method actually is. All literature that cites the TENS also states it should not be used for first line pain relief. Conventional medication may not always be affective and nurses should have an awareness of complementary therapies and relaxation. Nurses in Kovachs study were not questioned about non-pharmacological measure but common themes drawn from the interviews were that massage, one to one intervention, repositioning and music therapy were thought to be effective. None of the literature mentions the involvement of other agencies in promoting comfort such as the tissue viability team or the music therapists, the onus is put on the nurse to provide these things which may be outside her sphere of competence also lacking within the research is the use of equipment such as airflow mattresses and relaxing fragrance atomisers or fans to assist with those that can’t maintain body temperature. Although the literature is comprehensive on chemical pain relief, it is often not holistic as to assess the client’s environment. There are articles on alternatives to medication that were generated during the literature search such as one by Pearce (2004) advocating that the approach be high touch and include things such as hand activity and soothing touch, but sadly articles such as this that make complete sense to the reader are not evidence based and therefore inadmissible to be critiqued in this review. Actual research in this area is desperately needed to guide nurse’s practice to create a holistic approach. It should be noted that techniques such as relaxation require higher levels of functioning and may only be successful if the client can participate. Restlessness and delirium are common close to death. This may be due to opioid toxicity, a recommendation of haloperidol is recommended for drug toxicity. Panke (2003) is the only author to identify this. I have commonly seen it myself in practice that a low dose antipsycotic is very effective. Haloperidol also can assist with nausea and vomiting. The ethical issue as to whether analgesia will hasten death is identified within the literature as a concern for nurses and relatives. With nurses interviewed by moss (2002) asking what is permissible? The American nursing association in 1991 stated â€Å"nurses should not hesitate to use full and effective doses of pain medication for the proper management of pain in the dying patient. The increasing titration of pain medication to achieve adequate symptom control, even at the expense of life is ethically justified†. None of the literature asks what is the patient’s quality of life and if we are, why are we attempting to extend this, also could unrelieved pain hasten death due to the stress level it places on the client. These are all area that needs further research. No mention is made in the research as to the impact of hospital policy on the treatment of these clients and whether there are set standards dictated from trust level. Conclusion There is a clear need to address this issue as the proportion of people with dementia is likely to increase along with the increasing proportion of elderly persons in the population as due to more effective health care people are living longer. Although pain assessment and treatment is complicated with the client with dementia. Many clients pain can be relieved by the nurse’s efforts to understand each individual and their unique way of communicating pain. Effective assessment and management requires â€Å" listening to and believing in reports of pain as well as the knowledge and skill in detecting pain among those unable to convey its presence verbally† (Horgas Tsai 1998). All management should be individualised and tailored to the client. The most important step in improving pain control in clients with dementia as identified by this review is for nurses to be proactive in the assessment of pain. Pain assessment is the important first step in effective pain management. This review has identified that individuals with dementia can answer simple questions about the presence of pain and pain assessment in older adults should always start with self-reported pain. Nurses need to be aware of all possible sources of information when assessing clients with dementia and other conditions that impair communication and take into account non verbal behavioural cues such aggressiveness and increased vocalisation. This review also identified the need for increased frequency of assessment and that it is performed at a relevant time as clients may not be able to recall past experience of pain due to their impairment. Pain is a significant problem for older adults and has the potential to negatively impact on all areas of their lives. Pain management that includes both pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures was considered to be effective. The need for appropriate nurse education has been highlighted throughout the review and that most nurses felt that they did not have sufficient knowledge to care for these clients, this is something that needs urgent address in order to provide a good quality of service. With the advancement of technology and medication, pain is not an experience that should be commonplace for any individual receiving medical care whether it is in hospital or in the community and with the effective use of strategies we as nurses can really improve the quality of our client’s lives. Areas highlighted for further research from this review are nurse education and ethical issues regarding pain relief and non-pharmacological treatments. This review found many omissions in the research but this could be due to the fact that certain activities are commonplace and the expectation is on the reader to assume these activities happen.

Tuesday, March 10, 2020

Trip to the Pole---Annie Dillard analysis essays

Trip to the Pole-Annie Dillard analysis essays In her essay, An Expedition to the Pole, Annie Dillard approaches the tricky technique of symbolism and metaphysical images to portray her thoughts on religion, while avoiding the dangers of making it too confusing, or too preachy. Descriptions combined with the narration of the absurd are effectively used even without informing the reader that her material departs from their own expectations of what is real. Her writing is filled with specific, memorable, seemingly random thoughts that eventually develop deep metaphoric power. On the whole, Dillard writes, I do not find Christians, outside of the catacombs, sufficiently sensible of conditions. Does anyone have the foggiest idea what sort of power we so blithely invoke? This statement implies that institutionalized religion has somehow lessened the true emotions and freedoms of nature and experience. Perhaps the structure of an organized religion sometimes require us to hide our genuine feelings, and replace them with what we are suppose to be feeling, or following. Dillard writes in a sly witty commanding tone that shines a mystical light around ideas in the most straightforward prose. Even in the most surreal of sequences, we can still feel her confusion, anxiety, and frustration. She writes, The churches are children playing on the floor with their chemistry sets, mixing up a batch of TNT to kill a Sunday morning. Dillard, like her fellow church-goers have come to this church in pursuit of the sublime, but the existence of many banalities and contradictions seem to insult her sense of dignity. She seems to be saying that an individual would be willing to sacrifice education, reason, and dignity for the sake of a glimpse of the sacred and holy. It seems like the church should be projecting a ...

Sunday, February 23, 2020

Group work--------read the case study and do the paper as requirement Essay

Group work--------read the case study and do the paper as requirement - Essay Example However, TNNB seems to have a problem in its workforce and urgently needs talent development strategies if it is to ensure sustainable business with a promising future. This report explores how talent management strategy would help TNNB. It also assesses the most appropriate talent management strategy and proposes suitable short-term and long-term talent management policies and practices for the company. How A Talent Management (TM) Strategy Would Help TNNB TNNB clearly has a big problem with talent management. The company’s project managers emerge as incompetent for their roles as asserted by the company’s systems engineer. There is tension between systems engineers and mechanical and service engineers, which is likely to affect the overall performance of the company. Most of the engineers at the company have been working for the company for many years with some of them nearing their retirement. The managers of the company feel that engineers are hard to find, which cl early indicate that the company lacks strategic recruitment, hiring and retention programme. Therefore, TNNB’s future lies on its ability to adopt a suitable talent strategy to curb the on-going talent deficit in the company. Talent management is a management buzzword associated with continuous inflow of employees with desired qualities into an organisation. Talent management can be defined as a process that ensures that an organisation has a regular supply of individual with high potentials for vacant positions and acquires the right persons for the right jobs whenever there is need. Davis (2007) argues that â€Å"talent management is the recruitment, development, and retention of individuals who consistently deliver superior performance† (Davis 2007 p.1). However, Hatum (2010) notes that no universal definition of talent management exists. Strategic talent management as a process ensures that an organisation hires the right people for the right jobs and in a timely m anner so that the objectives of the firm can be met as expected (Deb 2005). Strategic talent management enables companies to assess and understand their present state, project talent gaps and take the initiatives to fill these talent gaps. The human resource of every organisation is charged with the responsibility of developing effective talent management strategy (Vaiman & Vance 2008). The success of an organisation depends on the effectiveness of the human resource department in recruiting high-performing staff developing and retaining them (Oakes & Galagan 2011; Silser & Dowell 2010). Generally, a talent management strategy would help TNNB to: Identify talent gaps within the organisation and take early precautions Align human capital needs with the strategy of the business Focus its training, development and recruitment efforts Ensure that the company achieves a balanced blend of generations in the workplace Ensure that knowledge is effectively transferred across various generati ons that make up the workforce Keep low the possibilities of disruptions in the production process as a result of impulsive departures of employees. To plan and organise its workforce and Maximise the contribution of each employee. Effective implementation of talent management strategy will result into significant reduction in cost associated with recruiting incompetent personnel, risk minimisation and attaining higher level of organisational performance

Friday, February 7, 2020

International Trade and International Finance Essay

International Trade and International Finance - Essay Example From this essay ir is clear that  when a nation is mounting on capital resources abruptly and very rapidly, then the additional progress of such satisfied nation’s state of affairs is accountable to be intermittent. In present international trade conditions, the phenomenon of laissez-faire may be noticed that leads to lack of the incentive to attract new investments.  On the basis of political and social environment, the general characteristic of a nation which determines its propensity to consume (in regards to the betterment of a progressive state) fundamentally depends on the adequacy of such incentives.  As the paper highlights  in conditions where the magnitude of aggregate investment is ascertained by the underlying principle of profit maximisation alone, the prospective for domestic investment will mainly be governed by factors like the domestic rate of interest in the in the long run as well as short run. In contrast, the volume of overseas investment is essent ially ascertained primarily with the size of balance of trade in favour of investing nation. Hence, in a culture where there is limited enquiry of direct foreign investment under the guidance of government or public authority, the economic substances with which it is rational for the government are to be thoughtful about the fluctuations in the balance of foreign trade in contemporary environment and prevailing domestic rate of interest.

Wednesday, January 29, 2020

I Will Survive Essay Example for Free

I Will Survive Essay Since I was young I was told not to ever judge a book by its cover, up until a few weeks ago I believed this was complete bull but a series of uncanny events insisted on changing my mind. This chain of unforeseeable circumstanced began a few weeks ago where . . . The sounds of keyboards was almost deafening, the constant click blurred into a humming drone which one could debatably compare to the fog horn of a light house warning helpless ships away from there watery grave. I stare a little dazed but unfazed by the bright light of the computer screen, flashing uncountable numbers and words which I’m supposes to make some kind of sense of if I am to continue with this curse most people call being an accountant. I feel some what contained in this shit tip excuse of a cubical, but to be honest the only thing caging me is the confines of my on reality. Closing my eyes I open them to this dark fantasy of a world plagued with zombies which are swiftly breaking down and tearing apart the countries of the world. But then a unexpected hero named Lorry strives to find a cure and against all odds saves the human race from absolute extinction. â€Å"Lawrence order these files and crunch these number by the end of the day or your fired! † Just so where clear my names Lawrence but my friends call my Lorry, okay no one calls me Lorry, I don’t have any friends, or family for that matter. I live alone in this crumby apartment building in room 147. To be fair I get it on good rent but I think that because someone got murdered here. I try to be optimistic about it an say its just a rumour but between you and me the smell of death still lingers. You could say I’m just your usual nerdy 19 year old boy who loves his movies and video games and especially zombies. I mean zombies and I go together like peanut butter and jelly like a hero and his side kick, I love zombies. I often wish for a world in strife due to an out break of zombies where I save the world and get the girl, okay I may have prayed to god once or twice for that. It’s a little funny when you wish for something and at the time it sounds like such a good idea. Lawrence order these files and crunch these number by the end of the day or your fired! † said the floor manager with a high pitch squeal piercing the flow of my train of thought. â€Å"Righteo will do† I said back with a smile as fake as fairy tales. I began to digress as soon as the managers eyes were off my back, surfing websites until something very captivating caught my eye. A breaking news bulletin streaming live showed footage which looked like the street in front of the building, I mean facade looks identical but that wasn’t the most alarming part. Apparently they were reporting an incident about a man who tackled another individual to the ground and started to devour another man living body and I quote â€Å"tearing flesh from bone with nothing but his teeth. † That’s when my semi attractive but still way out of my league co-worker Jazz leaned over, â€Å"ahhh your always looking at zombies you freak. † All though Jazz was a complete mess and frankly a female dog I had an odd some what mercurial attraction to her. I mean I’m not one of those superficial shallow guys . . . Okay I’m tend to take what I can get. As these thoughts raced through my mind at million miles an hour suddenly it hit me â€Å"Zombies! The people on the news their zombies† I nervously said as my voice broke multiple times. â€Å"what? I was joking† Jazz naively replied. â€Å"Are you even watching what I am watching? We have to get out of here! † It was at that moment the sound of shattering glass filled the room followed quickly by melody of foot steps thunderously increasing in speed and sound, mirroring my heart almost beating out of my chest. I watched as this man who looked drunk, uncontrollably sprint towards Jazz, teeth gnashing finger nails gashing at thin air. I could see the blood lust in his eyes. Now it was like time stood still, screams seemed to become silent but my other sense seemed to heighten. I noticed a foul stench so thick in the air you could cut it with a butter knife. Through the chaos and the haze, something deep down with in began to stir. A hero was being born. With out hesitation or mare thought I pulled the pen from my shirt pocket bounded over the desk. I held my pen like a blade an with all my strength I trusted pen into the temple of the crazed man right before Jazz’s eyes.

Monday, January 20, 2020

The Waging of War :: War Violence History of Sexuality Essays

The Waging of War â€Å"Wars are no longer waged in the name of a sovereign who must be defended; they are waged on behalf of the existence of everyone; entire populations are mobilized for the purpose of wholesale slaughter in the name of life necessity: massacres have become vital.†[1] In Foucault’s pithy explanation of a new form of warfare, in its justification, causes, and even execution, several units of logic enter a rationality of massacre. In the context of the sentence, amid a discussion of bio-politics as a population-level version of bio-power, the facet he takes issue with seems primarily to be this justification for war. He understands its logic as part and parcel of the movement of thinking that declares â€Å"we are repressed†, that liberation is the alternative, and that the truth will set you free - a romantic positivism. His move makes the slogan of sexual liberation, â€Å"make love not war†, something between naà ¯ve and cunningly sinister - perhaps the latter for the very reason of the former. However close his politics here seem to sophisticatedly anti-war, the comment is not a thesis statement or a way to collect together all political sentiment for one clear and explicit goal to which all philosophical moves can be i nstrumentalized and all other political objectives subordinated. That bio-political power has become dominant, and has not always been so (a genealogical reminder kept in the preface to the political statement), is instead an important consideration in discussions of which discourses and what rationalities are more or less politically appreciable, almost separately of their philosophical merits. In his juxtaposition of different ages’ wars, Foucault suggests some changes in political rationality: more clearly the name of the survival of the population as a kind of substitute for the name of the sovereign, and less obviously a shift in understanding of death. Yet, the contrast is not so simple as wars having once been waged for the sovereign and now for the population. First, and most pressingly in this context of discussion of the population, the sovereign and the population are not necessarily characters of a similar kind. Indeed, Foucault writes early in The History of Sexuality: Volume One that One of the great innovations in the techniques of power in the eighteenth century was the emergence of â€Å"population† as an economic and political problem: population as wealth, population as manpower or labor capacity, population balanced between its own growth and the resources it commanded.

Sunday, January 12, 2020

Memory †The mysterious phenomenon

Memory, a phenomenon which has been bewildering scientists and philosophers is san entity that needs to be analyzed very carefully for finding out the truth behind it. Going deep in to the subject, memory comes under a prominent branch of neuroscience called the cognitive neuroscience. The basic factors that lead to the phenomenon of memory are reception of information, processing, storage and recollection. There are various factors that affect each of these processes. Based on this memory is broadly classified in to three heads. They are: 1) long-term memory 2) short-term memory and 3) sensory memory Long-term memory Long term memory refers to those memories that are stored in the brain for a considerably prolonged period of time with out any loss. Here when an idea is stored in long-term memory, the information is stored in a semantically encoded format. As a result of this it is easier for us to remember a telephone number by virtue of repeating the same but it is difficult to memorize a random ten digit number. For the later case the encoding format is acoustic and hence the information is stored in short-term memory. Baddeley, the great researcher on human memory has found out that when given a test to recollect words uttered was given to a group of respondents the result was that people failed to recall words with same meanings like small, tiny, minute etc.. Short-term memory This is a much more volatile memory that stores information just for a period of several seconds to few minutes with out memorizing it by heart. George A. Miller, held various demonstrations and the conclusion was that the storage capacity of short -term memory was just 7  ± 2 entities (he presented a paper entitled â€Å"The magical number 7 ±2†). In the present day the projected capability of short-term memory is still less. But hen the same group of words or letters, for an example is presented in different order, greater are the chances for recollecting it. For example it is difficult to recollect the string FBIUNOASDFUS But when the same string is presented as below, greater chances re there for anyone to recollect it FBI UNO ASDF US. In the first combination of letters the information was lying stray with no order to memorise, whereas in the second one, they have an opportunity to memorise it as bits which could be identified to something that they know. Short-term memory relies on the phonemes and the acoustic symbols for retaining information. Visual codes are rarely converted to short-term memory. Conrad a renowned researcher on human memory found out that the subjects of his experiments had difficulty in identifying and recollecting acoustically confusing phonemes and words like he, ghee, bee, see, etc.. Sensory memory This kind of memory refers to the memory that is retained in the receivers mind for about 200 to 500 milliseconds, once the information is acquired. Hence this is highly volatile and short-life memory. Sensory Memory can be identified as the ability to identify the specific features of an item, let it be a sound or an object by virtue of an observation of the same for a fraction of a second. George Sperling is the pioneer to conduct experiments on Sensory Memory. Respondents were provided with a set of 12 letters, which were made into 3 rows of four each. After completing a small introduction, the candidates were then made to hear either a high, medium or low pitch tone, providing them info regarding which of the rows to report. On the base of this experiments, Sperling demonstrated that the range of sensory memory was about 12 items, but also found that it degenerated at a much more faster pace (it only had the life span of a few milliseconds and hence highly momentary). The main negative part of this kind of memory is that any sort of rehearsals do no not enhance the longevity. What is memory? Present day neuroscience and scientists are with the stream of thought that memory is a group of neural connections which are encoded so as to retrieve for future references. This sort of memory encoding may happen in different parts of the brain. Thus, a network of neural communication is likely to link various parts of the brain. The strength of the memory depends up on the strength of the neural connections. Recollection or calling back of any bit of memory can happen whenever a positive stimulus that trigger the particular part of the networked neural connections. As a result of this, when a part of the brain gets damaged, the neural network present there and obviously the memories associated with the particular neural connections is lost for ever. Why do we forget things? Forgetting can better be explained as an inability to keep memories secure. This is a condition when ideas and images perceived are either lost in full or part. The reasons for forgetting are many. The prominent factors that lead to forgetting include. 1. Poor encoding (this is why we forget dreams that we see while asleep. Encoding refers to converting the sounds, visuals, taste, smell tc. To corresponding chemical / neurological codes); 2. Unavailability of a retrieval mechanism (if there is no proper stimuli to trigger the memory, the information remains dormant); 3. Time factor : when a recent incident happens, the older data are sometimes wiped off from memory (We tend to forget exact dates of our vehicle insurance, when you have some 5 cars and 4 cruisers! ); 4. Continuous similar experiences (You may have memories of the first instance when you visited London, but if you fly London Every year, you many not remember when you landed for the fifth time! ) The Chemistry of memory! The human brain is a highly complicated organ with more than 20 billion nerve cells (neurons), about 150 trillion nerve connecters or synapses; an average of 7500 synapses per neuron within the brain, anyway, some neurons may have as many as 900,000 as well. Due to repair and safety from glial cells that protects the neurons, some nerve cells will be alive till the organism cease to live, however, it is calculated that about 85,000 neurons wear out everyday in the brain. The most prominent doubt regarding memory is the place / location where it is being stored. It was in 1960’s that the theory of Long-Term Potentiation (L. T. P) and it counter theory called opposite Long Term Depression came in to existence as molecularmemory postulates. Long-term potentiation refers to the reinforcement of neuron relations through elevating synaptic ion movements. In all connections of neurons there exists a synapse through which chemical neurotransmitters moves unhindered from the axonates and axons of the transmitting cell to the dendrites of the corresponding receiver cell. Neuro-transmitters like acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, serotonin, norepinephrine function in free flow of complex electrical signals between nerve cells, muscle cells and sensory cells. Where as in the mean time, inside the cell, the protein pumps located in the cell membrane and channels frequently retains a constantresting potential of – 70 m V by virtue of moving sodium cations on the outer part of the cell against a specific gradient. Presence of neurotransmitter into a receiver neuron located in the membrane part of a post-synaptic dendrite triggers and starts de-polarization of the specific membrane by the influence of calcium and sodium ions, this again results in the building of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels to unlock, permitting rapid flow of calcium and sodium ions, this is then followed by the inflow of potassium ions . as a result of this ion flow, depolarization happens once again to + 40 m V. As a result of this continuous process, â€Å"action potential† rapidly happens in the cell membrane to the axon , axonates and the pre-synaptic cleft, thus repeating this each and every time the signal reaches a neuron. Once the action potential has completed, the voltage gated channels close by themselves, and the potassium and sodium pumps makes the cell membrane to return to their original potential. All these happens in milliseconds, thus permitting multiple contradictory signals in swift momentum.. Memory Disorders The branch of Human psychology and neurology is the basis for the diagnosis and treatment of many of the known memory disorders. In general the loss or degeneration of memory is termed as amnesia. Amnesia is of different categories. Analysing it can reveal the various forms of it and helps in the proper treatment as well. Many neuron related conditions like Alzheimer's disease may also result in full or partial memory loss. Hyperthymesia, also called hyperthymesic syndrome, is a serious memory disorder which has adverse effect on retention of personal memory. Some sort of memory loss can be symptom of hypothyroidism a severe medical condition. Increasing oxygen supply to the brain, is considered as one among the foremost techniques to improve memory. This can be achieved by doing exercises like swimming, bicycle riding, gymnastics etc.. Tips to improve memory Many factors to improve memory was furnished by the report published by ‘The International Longevity Center’ in the year 2001 (pages 14-16) The study recommends to stick to the following to improve memory stay intellectually active through learning, training or reading, keep physically active so as to make blood circulation in the brain more active, socialize, reduce stress to the maximum possible extend, observe regular sleep timings, avoid depression or emotional strain and good nutrition.